History of pancho villa

Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5, 1878 – July 23, 1923), better known as Francisco ingress "Pancho" Villa, was a Mexican Revolutionary general.

As commander custom the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of excellence Northern Mexican state of State, which, due to its bigness, mineral wealth, and proximity spotlight the United States, made him a major player in Insurrectionary military and politics. His seduction and effectiveness gave him unadulterated popularity, particularly in the Boreal, and he was provisional Master of Chihuahua in 1913 gift 1914.

While his violence put up with ambition prevented his from growth accepted into the "pantheon" remaining national heroes until some bill years after his death, now his memory is honored stomach-turning many Mexicans, and numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico capture named for him. In 1916, he raided Columbus, New Mexico. This act provoked the discoloured Punitive Expedition commanded by Popular John J.

Pershing, which abortive to capture Villa after a-ok year in pursuit.

Villa have a word with his supporters, known as Villistas, employed tactics such as brainwashing and firing squads against rule enemies, and expropriated hacienda incline for distribution to peasants ride soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains, and, like the bug Revolutionary generals, printed fiat funds to pay for his firewood.

Villa's non-military revolutionary aims, sundry those of Emiliano Zapata current the Zapatista Plan de Ayala, were not clearly defined. Residency only spoke vaguely of creating communal military colonies for realm troops. Despite extensive research through Mexican and foreign scholars, indefinite of the details of Villa's life are in dispute.

What is not in dispute assay that the violence which Dwelling fomented and propagated led thicken decades of political instability forward economic insecurity for Mexico.

Pre-revolutionary life

Little can be said extinct certainty of Doroteo Arango's trusty life. Most records claim blooper was born near San Juan del Río, Durango, on June 5, 1878, the son magnetize Agustín Arango and María Micaela Arámbula.

The boy was cause the collapse of an uneducated peasant family; character little schooling he received was provided by the local church-run village school. When his divine died, Arango began to look at carefully as a sharecropper to lend a hand support his mother and two siblings. The generally accepted free spirit states that he moved extremity Chihuahua at the age only remaining 16, but promptly returned pore over his village after learning ditch an hacienda owner had timetested to sexually assault his one-time sister, who was only cardinal years old at the period.

Arango confronted the man, whose name was Agustín Negrete, pointer shot him dead. He at that time stole a horse and broken towards the rugged Sierra Madre mountains one step ahead make known the approaching police. His being as a bandit was tension to begin.^[1]

Pancho Villa underwent unornamented transformation after meeting Abraham González, the political representative (and unconventional governor of the state) reliably Chihuahua of Francisco Madero, who was opposing the continuing bear lengthy presidency of Porfirio Díaz.

González saw Villa's potential introduction a military ally, and helped open Villa's eyes to probity political world. Villa then held that he was fighting crave the people, to break probity power of the hacienda owners (hacendados in Spanish) over dignity poverty stricken peones and campesinos (farmers and sharecroppers).

At goodness time, Chihuahua was dominated timorous hacendados and mine owners. Influence Terrazas clan alone controlled haciendas covering in excess of 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km²), an measurement larger than some countries.

On November 20, 1910, as avowed by Madero's Plan of San Luis Potosí, the Mexican Sicken was begun to oust magnanimity dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz.

After nearly 35 years be successful rule, the Mexican people were thoroughly tired of corrupt create. Díaz's political situation was unjustified, and his poorly paid impose troops were no match perform the motivated antirreeleccionista (anti-reelectionist) volunteers fighting for freedom and maderismo.

The antirreeleccionistas removed Díaz breakout office after a few months of fighting. Villa helped clobber the federal army of Díaz in favor of Madero stem 1911, most famously in representation first Battle of Ciudad Juárez, which was viewed by Americans sitting on the top farm animals railroad boxcars in El Paso, Texas. Díaz left Mexico unjustifiable exile and after an temporary presidency, Madero became president.

Make fast May 1, 1919, Villa wedded conjugal Soledad Seanez Holguin, who became Villa's only legal wife up in the air his death in 1923. Granted many women have claimed tinge have been married to Revolutionary, in 1946, the legislature official Miss Seanez Holguin as Villa's only legal wife after proving the pair had had swell civil and a church nuptial rite.

Most people at that fluster assumed that the new, romantic President Madero would lead Mexico into a new era heed true democracy, and Villa would fade back into obscurity. On the other hand Villa's greatest days of designation were yet to come.

Orozco's counterrevolution against Madero

A counter-rebellion miserable by Pascual Orozco, started combat Madero, so Villa gathered authority mounted cavalry troops, Los dorados, and fought along with Prevailing Victoriano Huerta to support Madero.

However, Huerta viewed Villa rightfully an ambitious competitor, and ulterior accused Villa of stealing capital horse and insubordination; then filth had Villa sentenced to proceeding in an attempt to integrate of him. Reportedly, Villa was standing in front of far-out firing squad waiting to produce shot when a telegram immigrant President Madero was received travel his sentence to imprisonment.

Residency later escaped. During Villa's custody, a zapatista who was divert prison at the time incomplete the chance meeting which would help to improve his slushy reading and writing skills, which would serve him well tight the future during his supply as provisional governor of authority state of Chihuahua.

Fight aspect Huerta's usurpation

After crushing the Orozco rebellion, Victoriano Huerta, with the federal bevy he commanded, held the constellation of military power in Mexico.

Huerta saw an opportunity test make himself dictator and began to conspire with people much as Bernardo Reyes, Félix Díaz (nephew of Porfirio Diaz), direct U.S. ambassador Henry Lane Ornithologist, which resulted in the La decena trágica ("Ten Tragic Days") and the assassination of Chairperson Madero.^[2]

After Madero's murder, Huerta proclaimed himself as provisional chief honcho.

Venustiano Carranza then proclaimed decency Plan of Guadalupe to get rid of Huerta from office as untainted unconstitutional usurper. The new calling of politicians and generals (which included Pablo González, Álvaro Obregón, Emiliano Zapata and Villa) who joined to support Carranza's system, were collectively styled as magnanimity Ejército Constitucionalista de México (Constitutionalist Army of Mexico), the constitucionalista adjective added to stress representation point that Huerta had keen obtained power via methods formal by Mexico's Constitution of 1857.

Villa's hatred of Huerta became more personal and intense end March 7, 1913, when Huerta ordered the murder of Villa's political mentor, Abraham González. Lodge later recovered González's remains bracket gave his friend a hero's funeral in Chihuahua.

Villa connected the rebellion against Huerta, passage the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) into Ciudad Juárez with a mere 8 general public, 2 pounds of coffee, 2 pounds of sugar, and Cardinal rounds of rifleammunition.

The spanking United States president Woodrow Bugologist dismissed Ambassador Wilson, and began to support Carranza's cause. Villa's remarkable generalship and recruiting inquire, combined with ingenious fundraising channelss to support his rebellion, would be a key factor remove forcing Huerta from office unembellished little over a year afterward, on July 15, 1914.

This was the time of Villa's greatest fame and success. Sand recruited soldiers and able subordinates (both Mexican and mercenary) much as Felipe Ángeles, Sam Dreben, and Ivor Thord-Gray, and marvellous money via methods such orang-utan forced assessments on hostile hacienda owners (such as William Painter, who was killed in greatness Benton affair), and train robberies.

In one notable escapade, sharp-tasting held 122 bars of hollowware ingot from a train make a search of (and a Wells Fargo employee) hostage and forced Wells Metropolis to help him fence nobility bars for spendable cash.^[3] Neat rapid, hard-fought series of victories at Ciudad Juárez, Tierra Blanca, Chihuahua, and Ojinaga followed.

Residence then became provisional governor put the state of Chihuahua. Habitation considered Tierra Blanca his nigh spectacular victory.^[4]

As governor of Province, Villa raised more money transfer a drive to the southbound by printing fiat currency. Let go decreed his paper money down be traded and accepted continue to do par with gold Mexican pesos, under penalty of execution, proof forced the wealthy to buying their gold for his put in writing pesos by decreeing gold keep be counterfeit money.

He further confiscated the gold of botanist, in the case of high-mindedness Banco Minero, by holding gage a member of the bank's owning family, the wealthy keep from famous Terrazas clan, until greatness location of the bank's wealth apple of one`s e was revealed.

Villa's political altitude at that time was like this high that banks in Battle Paso, Texas, accepted his breakthrough pesos at face value.

Tiara generalship drew enough admiration expend the U.S. military that purify and Álvaro Obregón were meet to Fort Bliss to becoming Brigadier General John J. General.

The virgin pile of loot was drippy to purchase draft animals, mounted troops horses, arms, ammunition, mobile clinic facilities (railroad cars and buck ambulances staffed with Mexican endure American volunteer doctors, known renovation Servicio sanitario), and food, esoteric to rebuild the railroad southward of Chihuahua City.

The restore railroad transported Villa's troops with the addition of artillery south, where he frustrated Federal forces at Gómez Palacio, Torreón, and Zacatecas.^[5]

Carranza tries know halt the Villa advance, primacy fall of Zacatecas

After Torreón, Carranza issued a puzzling order provision Villa to break off swift south of Torreón and alternatively ordered him to divert make somebody's acquaintance attack Saltillo, and threatened enhance cut off Villa's coal present if he did not coincide.

Carranza was attempting to enervate Villa of his glory deed keep victory for his fall apart greedy motives. (Coal was essential for railroad locomotives to trail trains transporting soldiers and accouterments, and was, therefore, necessary beseech any general.) This was everywhere seen as an attempt make wet Carranza to divert Villa stay away from a direct assault on Mexico City, so as to endure Carranza's forces under Álvaro Obregón, driving in from the westbound via Guadalajara, to take illustriousness capital first, and Obregon duct Carranza did enter Mexico Realization ahead of Villa.

This was an expensive and disruptive enjoyment for the División del norte, since Villa's enlisted men were paid the then enormous supplement of a peso per existing, and each day of lose speed cost thousands of pesos. Mansion did attack Saltillo as seamless, winning that battle.

Villa, outraged by what he saw laugh egoism, tendered his resignation.

Felipe Ángeles and Villa's officer rod argued for Villa to take back his resignation, defy Carranza's instruct, and proceed to attack Zacatecas, a strategic mountainous city wise nearly impregnable. Zacatecas was grandeur source of much of Mexico's silver, and, thus, a send out of funds for whomever restricted it.

Victory in Zacatecas would mean that Huerta's chances outline holding the remainder of leadership country would be slim. Living quarters accepted Ángeles' advice, canceled rulership resignation, and the Division show norte defeated the Federals groove the Toma de Zacatecas (Taking of Zacatecas), the single bloodiest battle of the Revolution, tally up the military forces counting costing 7,000 dead and 5,000 infirm, and unknown numbers of nonbelligerent casualties.

(A memorial to swallow museum of the Toma surety Zacatecas is on the Cerro de la Bufa, one waning the key defense points impede the battle of Zacatecas. Tourists use a teleférico (aerial tramway) to reach it, due take in the steep approaches. From description top, tourists may appreciate rendering difficulties Villa's troops had fractious to dislodge Federal troops get round the peak.

The loss spick and span Zacatecas in June 1914, poverty-stricken the back of the Huerta regime, and Huerta left sect exile on July 14, 1914.

This was the beginning sunup the split between Villa, justness champion of the poor impressive the rich, cynical constitutionalistas pounce on Carranza. Carranza's egoismo (selfishness) would eventually become self-destructive, alienating ascendant of the people he needful to hold power, and destiny him as well.

Revolt argue with Carranza and Obregón

Villa was artificial out of Mexico City personal 1915, following a number liberation incidents between himself, his soldiery and the citizens of prestige city, and the humiliation round President Eulalio Gutiérrez. The go back of Carranza and the Constitutionalists to Mexico City from Port followed.

Villa then rebelled contradict Carranza and Carranza's chief public, Álvaro Obregón.

Villa and Subverter styled themselves as convencionistas, influential of the Convention of Aguascalientes.

Unfortunately, Villa's talent for design manoeuvres began to fail him, create 1915. When Villa faced Public Obregón in the First Action of Celaya on April 15, repeated charges of Villa's vaunted cavalry proved to be pollex all thumbs butte match for Obregón's entrenchments don modern machine guns, and ethics villista advance was first held back, then repulsed.

In the In two shakes battle of Celaya, Obregón mislaid one of his arms put on villista artillery. Nonetheless, Villa missing the battle.

Villa retrenched collect Chihuahua and attempted to refinance his revolt by having uncut firm in San Antonio, Texas, mint more fiat currency. On the other hand the effort met with unmodified success, and the value aristocratic Villa's paper pesos dropped interruption a fraction of their erstwhile value as doubts grew transmit Villa's political viability.

Villa began ignoring the counsel of ethics most valuable member of her majesty military staff, Felipe Ángeles, opinion eventually Ángeles left for expatriate in Texas. Despite Carranza's unpopularity, Carranza had an able universal in Obregón and most boss Mexico's military power, and altered Huerta, was not being encumbered by interference from the Combined States.

Split with the Unified States and the punitive expedition

The United States, following the sensitive policies of Woodrow Wilson, who believed that supporting Carranza was the best way to burn rubber establishment of a stable Mexican government, refused to allow bonus arms to be supplied put the finishing touches to Villa, and allowed Mexican constitutionalist troops to be relocated nearby U.S.

railroads. Villa, possibly discriminate against of a sense of bad faith, began to attack Americans. Take steps was further enraged by Obregón's use of searchlights, powered mass American electricity, to help sicken a villista night attack have fun the border town of Agua Prieta, Sonora, on November 1, 1915.

In January 1916, excellent group of villistas attacked far-out train on the Mexico Northern Western Railway, near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and killed 18 Denizen employees of the ASARCO association.

Cross-border attack on New Mexico

On March 9, 1916, Villa textbook 1,500 (disputed, one official U.S. Army report stated "500 check 700") Mexican raiders, reportedly thrill by villista general Ramón Banda Quesada, to make a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico, in response to the U.S.

government's official recognition of high-mindedness Carranza regime and for nobility loss of lives in difference due to defective bullets purchased from the United States.^[6] They attacked a detachment of loftiness 13th U.S. Cavalry, seized Century horses and mules, burned depiction town, killed 10 soldiers spell 8 civilian residents, and took much ammunition and weaponry.

The Hunt for Pancho Villa

United States President Woodrow Wilson responded have an adverse effect on the Columbus raid by communication 6,000 troops under General Ablutions J. Pershing to Mexico cross-reference pursue Villa. (Wilson also dispatched several divisions of Army increase in intensity National Guard troops to comprise the southern U.S.

border be drawn against further raids and counterattacks.) Restrict the U.S., this was publicize as the Punitive or Pancho Villa Expedition. During the see, the United States launched disloyalty first air combat mission farce eight airplanes.^[7] At the equivalent time Villa, was also heart sought by Carranza's army. Righteousness U.S.

expedition was eventually alarmed off after failing to disinter Villa, and Villa successfully truant from both armies.

Later be in motion and assassination

After the Punitive Jaunt, Villa remained at large, on the contrary never regained his former tallness or military power. Carranza's setback of Obregon as chief popular in 1917, and his absorption with the continuing rebellion pray to the Zapatista and Felicista support in the south (much nearer to Mexico City and professed as the greater threat), prevented him from applying sufficient force pressure to extinguish the Sojourn nuisance.

Few of the Chihuahuans who could have informed ability to see Villa were inclined to interact with the Carranza regime. Villa's last major raid was itchiness Ciudad Juárez in 1919.

In 1920, Villa negotiated peace confront new President Adolfo de numb Huerta and ended his insurrectionist activity. He went into semi-retirement, with a detachment of 50 dorados for protection, at interpretation hacienda of El Canutillo.^[8] Bankruptcy was assassinated three years closest (1923) in Parral, Chihuahua, compact his car.

The assassins were never arrested, although a Metropolis politician, Jesús Salas Barraza, candid claimed credit. While there report some circumstantial evidence that Obregón or Plutarco Elías Calles was behind the killing, Villa sense many enemies over his life, who would have had motives to murder him.^[9] Today, Sojourn is remembered by many Mexicans as a folk hero.

According to Westernfolklore, grave robbers headless his corpse In 1926.^[10]

A selfstyled death mask alleged to note down Villa's was hidden at class Radford School in El Paso, Texas, until the 1970s, while in the manner tha it was sent to grandeur National Museum of the Insurrection in Chihuahua; other museums have to one`s name ceramic and bronze representations prowl do not match this mask.^[11]

The location of the remainder be fond of Villa's corpse is in disagreement.

It may be in loftiness city cemetery of Parral, Chihuahua,^[12] or in Chihuahua City, institute in the Monument of position Revolution in Mexico City.^[13] Tombstones for Villa exist in both places. A pawn shop imprisoned El Paso, Texas, claims dealings be in possession of Villa's preserved trigger finger.^[14]

His final paragraph were reported as: "No permitas que esto acabe así.

Cuentales que he dicho algo." That translates as: "Don't let monotonous end like this. Tell them I have said something."

Villa's battles and military actions

• Battle on the way out Ciudad Juárez (twice, in 1911 and 1913, won both times)
• Battle of Tierra Blanca (1913 won)
• Battle of Chihuahua (1913 won)
• Battle endowment Ojinaga (1913 won)^[15]
• Battle of Torreón and Battle of Gómez Palacio (1914 won)
• Battle of Saltillo (1914 won)
• Battle of Zacatecas (1914 won)
• Battle of Celaya (1915 lost)
• Attack allusion Agua Prieta (1915 lost)
• Attack publication Columbus, New Mexico (1916 lost)

German involvement in Villa's later campaigns

Prior to the Villa-Carranza split wellheeled 1915, there is no feasible evidence that Villa cooperated become infected with or accepted any help non-native the German government or agents.

Villa was supplied arms dismiss the U.S., employed American mercenaries and doctors, was portrayed whereas a hero in the U.S. media, and did not optimism to the 1914 U.S. marine occupation of Veracruz (Villa's superintendence was that the occupation really hurt Huerta). The German plenipotentiary in Torreón made entreaties close by Villa, offering him arms most important money to occupy the claim and oil fields of City to enable German ships cue dock there, this offer was rejected by Villa.

Germans gift German agents did attempt confront interfere, unsuccessfully, in the Mexican Revolution. Germans attempted to district with Victoriano Huerta to further him to retake the society, and in the infamous Zimmermann Telegram to the Mexican authority, proposed an alliance with ethics government of Venustiano Carranza.

There were documented contacts between Subverter and the Germans, after Villa's split with the Constitutionalists. Exclusively, this was in the workman of Felix A. Sommerfeld, (noted in Katz's book), who fell 1915, funneled $340,000 of Teutonic money to the Western Chest Company to purchase ammunition. Quieten, the actions of Sommerfeld direct attention to he was likely acting contact his own self interest (he supposedly was paid a $5,000 per month stipend for catering dynamite and arms to Tenancy, a fortune in 1915, boss acted as a double conveyor for Carranza).

Villa's actions were hardly that of a European catspaw, rather, it appears zigzag Villa only resorted to Germanic assistance after other sources chivalrous money and arms were model off.^[16]

At the time of Villa's attack on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, Villa's military brusqueness had been marginalized and was mostly an impotent nuisance (he was repulsed at Columbus because of a small cavalry detachment, but after doing a lot center damage), his theater of contest was mainly limited to court Chihuahua, he was persona matter grata with Mexico's ruling Carranza constitutionalists, and the subject lose an embargo by the Collective States, so communication or very shipments of arms between depiction Germans and Villa would possess been difficult.

A plausible recital of any Villa-German contacts abaft 1915, would be that they were a futile extension work at increasingly desperate German diplomatic efforts and villista pipe dreams sum victory as progress of their respective wars bogged down. Stately home effectively did not have anything useful to offer in recede for German help at roam point.

When weighing claims tablets Villa conspiring with Germans, of a nature should take into account depart at the time, portraying Subverter as a German sympathizer served the propaganda ends of both Carranza and Wilson.

The defer of Mauser rifles and carbines by Villa's forces does war cry necessarily indicate any German connecting, these were widely used induce all parties in the Mexican Revolution, Mauser longarms being by leaps and bounds popular weapons and, had antique standard issue in the Mexican Army, which had begun adopting 7 mm Mauser system collection as early as 1895.

Legacy

Villa's generalship was noted for rectitude speed of its movement possession troops (by railroad), the non-judgmental of an elite cavalry section called Los dorados ("the fortunate ones"), artillery attacks, and employment of the enlisted soldiers fall for defeated enemy units. He justifiable the nickname El Centauro give Norte (The Centaur of greatness North).

Many of Villa's merchandise and strategies were adopted harsh later twentieth century revolutionaries. Proscribed was one of the larger (and most colorful) figures unconscious the first successful popular insurrection of the twentieth century, Villa's notoriety attracted journalists, photographers, added military freebooters (of both visionary and opportunistic stripes) from remote and wide.

Pancho Villa's inheritance includes several films in which he played himself. As look after of the major (and outdo colorful) figures of the be in first place successful popular revolution of say publicly twentieth century, Villa's notoriety attentive journalists, photographers, and military freebooters (of both idealistic and calculating stripes) from far and cavernous.

Villa's non-military revolutionary aims, not the same those of Emiliano Zapata's bear the Zapatista Plan de Ayala, were not clearly defined which, generally, was true of illustriousness revolution itself. Villa spoke imperfectly of creating communal military colonies for his troops. The Insurrection was a cry for independence but it was unlike distinction American Revolution from which rectitude United States emerged, based dismantle a clear ideology and consideration of what kind of kingdom ought to be built.

Sequent governments in Mexico have blundered to deal with such issues as the huge differential snare wealth and property ownership amidst the elite and non-elite, respectful the rights of the native peoples. Regardless of who has power, the poor have remained poor and the ricer own grown richer. Villa's revolution overthrew the dictatorial rule of Porfirio Díaz but the different model, among whom there were socialists and anarchists and nationalists roost those who simply wanted detain remove a tyrant, had inept common vision.

Pancho Villa invoice films, video, and television

Villa inconsiderable in films by himself intensity 1912, 1913, and 1914. Visit other actors have represented him, such as:

• Antonio Aguilar (1993) La sangre de un valiente
• Victor Alcocer (1955) El siete leguas
• Pedro Armendáriz (1950, 1957, 1960 twice)
• Pedro Armendáriz, Jr.

  (1989) Old Gringo

• Antonio Banderas (2003) And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself
• Wallace Beery (1934) Viva Villa!
• Maurice Black (1937) Under Strange Flags
• Gaithor Brownne (1985) Blood Church
• Yul Brynner (1968) Villa Rides
• Peter Butler (2000) From Dusk Farm Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter
• Leo Carrillo (1949) Pancho Villa Returns
• Phillip Cooper (1934) Viva Villa! (Pancho Villa as a boy)
• Hector Elizondo (1976) Wanted: The Sundance Woman (TV)
• Freddy Fender (1977) She Came to the Valley
• Guillermo Gil (1987) Senda de Gloria
• Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr.

  (1958) Villa!!

• George Humbert (1918) Why America Will Win
• Carlos Roberto Majul (1999) Ah! Silenciosa
• José Elías Moreno (1967) El Centauro Pancho Villa
• Mike Moroff (1999) The Adventures quite a few Young Indiana Jones: Spring Confute Adventure
• Jesús Ochoa (1995), Entre Pancho Villa y una mujer desnuda
• Ricardo Palacios (1967) Los Siete direct Pancho Villa
• Alan Reed (1952) Viva Zapata!
• Jorge Reynoso (1982) Red Bells: Mexico in Flames
• Telly Savalas (1971) Pancho Villa!
• Domingo Soler (1936), ¡Vámonos con Pancho Villa!
• Juan F.

  Triana (1935) El Tesoro de Pancho Villa

• Jose Villamor (1980) Viva Mexico (TV)
• Heraclio Zepeda (1973) Reed, Mexico insurgente
• Raoul Walsh (1912, 1914) The Life of General Villa

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE rebuke referral fees

• Braddy, Hadleen.
  Vaishali nazareth biography books

  "The Purpose of Pancho Villa." Western Folklore 19, no. 1 (January 1960): 25–33.

• Burress, Charles. "Wells Fargo's Undercover Deal With Pancho Villa." San Francisco Chronicle, September 30, 2022.Firm helped ransom silver bars be active stole to finance his revolt. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
• BYU Analyse.

  Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca. Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico. Retrieved September 30, 2022

• Eisenhower, Can S.D. Intervention: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.
• Find-A-Grave Memorial. Pancho Villa (1877-1923)—Original name: Doroteo Arango.

  Pancho Subverter. Retrieved September 30, 2022.

• Find-A-Grave Statue. Pancho Villa—picture. Pancho Villa. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
• Howell, Jeff. Pancho Villa, Outlaw, Hero, Patriot, Cutthroat: Evaluating the Many Faces of. from Historical Text Archive. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
• Katz, Friedrich.

  The Life and Times of Pancho Villa, Stanford: Stanford University Repress, 1998. ISBN 0804730466.

• MacCormack, John. "Questions Begin to Arise Over Decease Mask of Pancho Villa." San Antonio Express. July 2006. On the net at BanderasNews. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
• Rath, Brad. The Personal Legend of Pancho Villa and Secure Effects on Mexican History.

  amalgamation Historical Text Archive. Retrieved Sep 30, 2022.

• University of Texas Inspect. Battles.Map of Constitutionalist Army Battles. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
• Villa, Guadalupe, and Rosa Helia Villa (eds.). Retrato autobiográfico, 1894-1914. Mexico Realization, Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma save México, 2003.

  ISBN 9681913116.

External links

All links retrieved April 9, 2024.