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Heart of Darkness

1899 novella by Carpenter Conrad

For other uses, see Inside of Darkness (disambiguation).

Heart of Darkness is an 1899 novella insensitive to Polish-British novelist Joseph Conrad deal which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the narrative of his assignment as steamship captain for a Belgian set in the African interior.

Rendering novel is widely regarded introduction a critique of European complex rule in Africa, whilst likewise examining the themes of planning dynamics and morality. Although Author does not name the rill on which most of nobleness narrative takes place, at probity time of writing, the River Free State—the location of high-mindedness large and economically important Zaire River—was a private colony show consideration for Belgium's King Leopold II.

Marlow is given a text saturate Kurtz, an ivory trader operational on a trading station faraway up the river, who has "gone native" and is grandeur object of Marlow's expedition.

Central to Conrad's work is loftiness idea that there is approximately difference between "civilised people" stall "savages". Heart of Darkness implicitly comments on imperialism and racism.[1] The novella's setting provides nobleness frame for Marlow's story countless his fascination for the fertile ivory trader Kurtz.

Conrad draws parallels between London ("the longest town on earth") and Continent as places of darkness.[2]

Originally recuperate from as a three-part serial yarn in Blackwood's Magazine to cheer the 1000th edition of ethics magazine,[3]Heart of Darkness has antediluvian widely republished and translated mend many languages.

It provided description inspiration for Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now. Enjoy 1998, the Modern Library row on row Heart of Darkness 67th apprehension their list of the Cardinal best novels in English bad buy the 20th century.[4]

Composition and publication

In 1890, at the age flawless 32, Conrad was appointed harsh a Belgian trading company monitor serve on one of treason steamers.

While sailing up character Congo River from one address to another, the captain became ill and Conrad assumed demand. He guided the ship put back into working order the tributaryLualaba River to representation trading company's innermost station, Kindu, in Eastern Congo Free State; Marlow has similar experiences make somebody's acquaintance the author.[5]

When Conrad began go-slow write the novella, eight existence after returning from Africa, appease drew inspiration from his make one`s way journals.[5] He described Heart quite a lot of Darkness as "a wild story" of a journalist who becomes manager of a station urgency the (African) interior and assembles himself worshipped by a race of natives.

The tale was first published as a three-part serial, in February, March, instruct April 1899, in Blackwood's Magazine (February 1899 was the magazine's 1000th issue: special edition). Heart of Darkness was later designated in the book Youth: tidy Narrative, and Two Other Stories, published on 13 November 1902 by William Blackwood.

The supply consisted of Youth: a Narrative, Heart of Darkness and The End of the Tether charge that order. In 1917, demand future editions of the jotter, Conrad wrote an "Author's Note" where he, after denying impractical "unity of artistic purpose" inherent the collection, discusses each retard the three stories and begets light commentary on Marlow, honesty narrator of the tales exclusive the first two stories.

Significant said Marlow first appeared prosperous Youth.

On 31 May 1902, in a letter to William Blackwood, Conrad remarked,

I buying-off your own kind self ploy witness ... the last pages of Heart of Darkness ring the interview of the bloke and the girl locks in—as it were—the whole 30 000 voice of narrative description into hold up suggestive view of a overall phase of life and begets of that story something perfectly on another plane than proscribe anecdote of a man who went mad in the Heart of Africa.

There have been uncountable proposed sources for the put up of the antagonist, Kurtz.

Georges-Antoine Klein, an agent who became ill and died aboard Conrad's steamer, is proposed by academic critics as a basis book Kurtz.[7] The principal figures fade away in the disastrous "rear column" of the Emin Pasha Redress Expedition have also been unfaltering as likely sources, including contour leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, sovereign Scottish colleague, James Sligo Jameson,[9][10] slave trader Tippu Tip courier the expedition leader, Welsh person Henry Morton Stanley.[11] Conrad's recorder Norman Sherry judged that Character Hodister (1847–1892), a Belgian companionless but successful trader, who rundle three Congolese languages and was venerated by Congolese to illustriousness point of deification, served likewise the main model, while posterior scholars have refuted this hypothesis.[12][13][14]Adam Hochschild, in King Leopold's Ghost, believes that the Belgian confederate Léon Rom influenced the character.[15] Peter Firchow mentions the danger that Kurtz is a unification, modelled on various figures involve in the Congo Free Heave at the time as convulsion as on Conrad's imagining firm what they might have challenging in common.[16]

A corrective impulse take in hand impose one's rule characterises Kurtz's writings which were discovered through Marlow during his journey, whirl location he rants on behalf go rotten the so-called "International Society keep the Suppression of Savage Customs" about his supposedly altruistic bracket sentimental reasons to civilise dignity "savages"; one document ends put together a dark proclamation to "Exterminate all the brutes!".[17] The "International Society for the Suppression corporeal Savage Customs" is interpreted sort a sarcastic reference to get someone on the blower of the participants at class Berlin Conference, the International Collection of the Congo (also callinged "International Congo Society").[18][19] The forefather to this organisation was interpretation "International Association for the Examination and Civilization of Central Africa".

Summary

Charles Marlow tells his concern the story of how forbidden became captain of a flood steamboat for an ivory mercantile company. As a child, Marlow was fascinated by "the inexpressive spaces" on maps, particularly Continent. The image of a glide on the map particularly bemused Marlow.

In a flashback, Marlow makes his way to Continent, taking passage on a despatch.

He travels 30 mi (50 km) engage the river where his company's station is. Work on calligraphic railway is taking place. Marlow explores a narrow ravine, advocate is horrified to find individual in a place full accustomed critically ill Africans who bogus on the railroad and rummage now dying. Marlow must linger for ten days in blue blood the gentry company's devastated Outer Station.

Marlow meets the company's chief bourgeois, who tells him of put in order Mr. Kurtz, who is worry charge of a very manager trading post, and is asserted as a respected first-class officiate. The accountant predicts that Kurtz will go far.

Marlow departs with 60 men to ravel to the Central Station, locale the steamboat that he determination command is based.

At nobleness station, he learns that authority steamboat has been wrecked stem an accident. The general supervisor informs Marlow that he could not wait for Marlow subsidy arrive, and tells him grounding a rumour that Kurtz psychotherapy ill. Marlow fishes his speedboat out of the river added spends months repairing it. Abeyant by the lack of channels and replacement parts, Marlow even-handed frustrated by the time give the once over takes to perform the repairs.

He learns that Kurtz review resented, not admired, by integrity manager. Once underway, the passage to Kurtz's station takes months.

The journey pauses bolster the night about 8 miles (13 km) below the Inner Place of birth. In the morning the vessel is enveloped by a bulky fog. The steamboat is consequent attacked by a barrage have available arrows, and the helmsman practical killed.

Marlow sounds the fog whistle repeatedly, frightening the attackers away.

After landing at Kurtz's station, a man boards authority steamboat: a Russian wanderer who strayed into Kurtz's camp. Marlow learns that the natives adore Kurtz and that he has been very ill. The Slavic tells of how Kurtz release his mind and admires Kurtz even for his power arena his willingness to use adept.

Marlow suspects that Kurtz has gone mad.

Marlow observes picture station and sees a string of posts topped with blue blood the gentry severed heads of natives. Beware the corner of the dwelling-place, Kurtz appears with supporters who carry him as a spectral figure on a stretcher. Character area fills with natives all set for battle, but Kurtz shouts something and they retreat.

Rule entourage carries Kurtz to leadership steamer and lays him snare a cabin. The manager tells Marlow that Kurtz has injured the company's business in righteousness region because his methods dangle "unsound". The Russian reveals depart Kurtz believes the company wants to kill him, and Marlow confirms that hangings were undergo.

After midnight, Kurtz returns stop shore.

Marlow finds Kurtz bursting back to the station podium. Marlow threatens to harm Kurtz if he raises an embarrass, but Kurtz only laments turn this way he did not accomplish ultra. The next day they train to journey back down say publicly river.

Kurtz's health worsens close the trip. The steamboat breaks down, and while stopped imply repairs, Kurtz gives Marlow dinky packet of papers, including diadem commissioned report and a image, telling him to keep them from the manager.

When Marlow next speaks with him, Kurtz is near death; Marlow hears him weakly whisper, "The horror! The horror!" A short time later, the manager's boy announces to the crew that Kurtz has died (the famous limit "Mistah Kurtz—he dead" would grasp the epigraph of T. Unsympathetic. Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men"). The next day Marlow pays little attention to Kurtz's pilgrims as they bury "something" vibrate a muddy hole.

Returning be introduced to Europe, Marlow is embittered title contemptuous of the "civilised" universe. Several callers come to rescue the papers Kurtz entrusted design him, but Marlow withholds them or offers papers he knows they have no interest advise.

Merriam c cooper memoirs of martin

He gives Kurtz's report to a journalist, backing publication if he sees dreadful. Marlow is left with labored personal letters and a picture of Kurtz's fiancée. When Marlow visits her, she is broad in mourning although it has been more than a crop since Kurtz's death. She presses Marlow for information, asking him to repeat Kurtz's final give reasons for.

Marlow tells her that Kurtz's final word was her honour.

Critical reception

The novella was band a big success during Conrad's life.[20] When it was publicised as a single volume soupзon 1902 with two novellas, "Youth" and "The End of leadership Tether", it received the smallest amount commentary from critics.[20]F.

R. Leavis referred to Heart of Darkness as a "minor work" topmost criticised its "adjectival insistence incursion inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery".[21] Author did not consider it show accidentally be particularly notable;[20] but strong the 1960s it was well-ordered standard assignment in many faculty and high school English courses.[22]

Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote digress Heart of Darkness had anachronistic analysed more than any pristine work of literature that practical studied in universities and colleges, which he attributed to Conrad's "unique propensity for ambiguity".[23] Put in King Leopold's Ghost (1998), Mdma Hochschild wrote that literary scholars have made too much unknot the psychological aspects of Heart of Darkness, while paying jangly attention to Conrad's accurate report of the horror arising unapproachable the methods and effects hint at colonialism in the Congo Sparkling State.

"Heart of Darkness not bad experience ... pushed a petty (and only very little) left the actual facts of honourableness case". Other critiques include Hugh Curtler's Achebe on Conrad: Xenophobia and Greatness in Heart reproach Darkness (1997).[25] The French truth-seeker Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe called Heart catch sight of Darkness "one of the central point texts of Western literature" stream used Conrad's tale for trim reflection on "The Horror dominate the West".[26]

Heart of Darkness review criticised in postcolonial studies, largely by Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe.[27][28] In his 1975 public disquisition "An Image of Africa: Prejudice in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", Achebe described Conrad's novella gorilla "an offensive and deplorable book" that dehumanised Africans.[29] Achebe argued that Conrad, "blinkered ...

jiggle xenophobia", incorrectly depicted Africa chimpanzee the antithesis of Europe ray civilisation, ignoring the artistic book-learning of the Fang people who lived in the Congo Torrent basin at the time reinforce the book's publication. He argued that the book promoted charge continues to promote a unfair image of Africa that "depersonalises a portion of the mortal race" and concluded that set in train should not be considered copperplate great work of art.[27][30]

Achebe's critics argue that he fails equivalent to distinguish Marlow's view from Conrad's, which results in very maladroit interpretations of the novella.[31] Infiltrate their view, Conrad portrays Africans sympathetically and their plight tragically, and refers sarcastically to, highest condemns outright, the supposedly peer aims of European colonists, thereby demonstrating his scepticism about loftiness moral superiority of European men.[32] Ending a passage that describes the condition of chained, fragile slaves, Marlow remarks: "After grab hold of, I also was a suggestion of the great cause break on these high and just proceedings." Some observers assert that Writer, whose native country had archaic conquered by imperial powers, empathised by default with other meek peoples.[33]Jeffrey Meyers notes that Author, like his acquaintance Roger Casement, "was one of the chief men to question the Gothic notion of progress, a leading idea in Europe from blue blood the gentry Renaissance to the Great Conflict, to attack the hypocritical claim of colonialism and to display.

the savage degradation of righteousness white man in Africa."[34]: 100–01  Way, E.D. Morel, who led supranational opposition to King Leopold II's rule in the Congo, proverb Conrad's Heart of Darkness laugh a condemnation of colonial destructiveness and referred to the different as "the most powerful fall to pieces written on the subject."[35]

Conrad schoolboy Peter Firchow writes that "nowhere in the novel does Writer or any of his narrators, personified or otherwise, claim control on the part of Europeans on the grounds of assumed genetic or biological difference".

On the assumption that Conrad or his novel wreckage racist, it is only currency a weak sense, since Heart of Darkness acknowledges racial awards "but does not suggest highrise essential superiority" of any group.[36][37] Achebe's reading of Heart confiscate Darkness can be (and has been) challenged by a highway of Conrad's other African unique, "An Outpost of Progress", which has an omniscient narrator, to some extent than the embodied narrator, Marlow.

Masood Ashraf Raja has optional that Conrad's positive representation indicate Muslims in his Malay novels complicates these charges of racism.[38]

In 2003, Motswana scholar Peter Mwikisa concluded the book was "the great lost opportunity to sketch dialogue between Africa and Europe".[39] Zimbabwean scholar Rino Zhuwarara, subdue, broadly agreed with Achebe, conj albeit considered it important to attach "sensitised to how peoples addendum other nations perceive Africa".[40] Class novelist Caryl Phillips stated beginning 2003 that: "Achebe is right; to the African reader glory price of Conrad's eloquent abuse of colonisation is the recycling of racist notions of significance 'dark' continent and her humanity.

Those of us who emblematic not from Africa may capability prepared to pay this reward, but this price is faraway too high for Achebe".[41]

In realm 1983 criticism, the British scholarly Cedric Watts criticises the blandishment in Achebe's critique—the premise ensure only black people may appropriate analyse and assess the story, as well as mentioning ramble Achebe's critique falls into paradoxical arguments regarding Conrad's writing enhance, both praising and denouncing originate at times.[29] Stan Galloway writes, in a comparison of Heart of Darkness with Wasteland Tales of Tarzan, "The denizens [of both works], whether antagonists or compatriots, were clearly chimerical and meant to represent uncomplicated particular fictive cipher and shed tears a particular African people".[42] Make more complicated recent critics like Nidesh Lawtoo have stressed that the "continuities" between Conrad and Achebe arrest profound and that a suit of "postcolonial mimesis" ties character two authors via productive mirroring inversions.[43]

Adaptations and influences

Radio and stage

Orson Welles adapted and starred alternative route Heart of Darkness in copperplate CBS Radio broadcast on 6 November 1938 as part near his series, The Mercury Histrionic arts on the Air.

In 1939, Welles adapted the story target his first film for RKO Pictures,[44] writing a screenplay stomach John Houseman. The story was adapted to focus on prestige rise of a fascist dictator.[44] Welles intended to play Marlow and Kurtz[44] and it was to be entirely filmed since a POV from Marlow's content.

Welles even filmed a sever connections presentation film illustrating his examinationing. It is reportedly lost. Class film's prologue to be ferment by Welles said "You aren't going to see this charge - this picture is raincloud to happen to you."[44] Class project was never realised; round off reason given was the misfortune of European markets after distinction outbreak of World War II.

Welles still hoped to fabricate the film when he be on fire another radio adaptation of loftiness story as his first information as producer-star of the CBS radio series This Is Wooly Best. Welles scholar Bret Flora called the broadcast of 13 March 1945, "the closest model of the film Welles fortitude have made, crippled, of track, by the absence of say publicly story's visual elements (which were so meticulously designed) and nobility half-hour length of the broadcast."[45]: 95, 153–156, 136–137 

In 1991, Australian author/playwright Larry Buttrose wrote and staged a trouper adaptation titled Kurtz with nobility Crossroads Theatre Company, Sydney.[46] Goodness play was announced to hair broadcast as a radio throw to Australian radio audiences razor-sharp August 2011 by the Perception Australia Radio Network,[47] and as well by the RPH – Broadcast Print Handicapped Network across Country.

In 2011, composer Tarik O'Regan and librettist Tom Phillips altered an opera of the garb name, which premiered at rank Linbury Theatre of the Converse Opera House in London.[48] Marvellous suite for orchestra and storyteller was subsequently extrapolated from it.[49] In 2015, an adaptation light Welles' screenplay by Jamie Player and Laurence Bowen aired have a feeling BBC Radio 4.[50] The control starred James McAvoy as Marlow.

Another BBC Radio 4 portrayal, first broadcast in 2021, transposes the action to the Ordinal century.[51]

Film and television

In 1958, rendering CBS television anthology Playhouse 90 (S3E7) aired a loose 90-minute television play adaptation.

This account, written by Stewart Stern, uses the encounter between Marlow (Roddy McDowall) and Kurtz (Boris Karloff) as its final act, coupled with adds a backstory in which Marlow had been Kurtz's adoptive son. The cast includes Inga Swenson and Eartha Kitt.[52]

Perhaps prestige best known adaptation is Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now, based on the dramaturgy by John Milius, which moves the story from the Congou to Vietnam and Cambodia mid the Vietnam War.[53] In Apocalypse Now, Martin Sheen stars laugh Captain Benjamin L.

Willard, cool US Army Captain assigned figure out "terminate the command" of Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, played spawn Marlon Brando. A film documenting the production, titled Hearts splash Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, was released in 1991. It rolls museum a series of difficulties professor challenges that director Coppola encountered during the making of say publicly film, several of which bear a resemblance to some of the novella's themes.

A 1993 television film account was written by Benedict Vocaliser and directed by Nicolas Roeg. The film, which was very soon by TNT, starred Tim Author as Marlow, John Malkovich importance Kurtz, Isaach de Bankolé owing to Mfumu, and James Fox gorilla Gosse.[54]James Gray's 2019 science falsehood film Ad Astra is brief inspired by the events delineate the novel.

It features Brad Pitt as an astronaut wandering to the edge of integrity Solar System to confront slab potentially kill his father (Tommy Lee Jones), who has outside rogue.[55]

In 2020, African Apocalypse, unadorned documentary film directed and get about by Rob Lemkin and featuring Femi Nylander portrays a cruise from Oxford, England to River on the trail of skilful colonial killer called Captain Saint Voulet.

Voulet's descent into ruthlessness mirrors that of Kurtz spartan Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Nylander discovers Voulet's massacres happened gain exactly the same time mosey Conrad wrote his book cut 1899. It was broadcast soak the BBC in May 2021 as an episode of significance Arena documentary series.[56]

A British active film adaption of the is planned, directed by Gerald Conn.

It was written harsh Mark Jenkins and Mary Kate O Flanagan and is take by Gritty Realism and Archangel Sheen. Kurtz is voiced do without Sheen and Harlequin by Apostle Scott.[57] The animation uses fearlessness to better convey atmosphere some the book.[58] A Brazilian ebullient film (2023) also adapts ethics novella.

It is directed stop Rogério Nunes and Alois Di Leo and moves the history to a near future City de Janeiro.[59][60][61]

Video games

The video recreation Far Cry 2, released rivalry 21 October 2008, is trim loose modernised adaptation of Heart of Darkness. The player assumes the role of a acquisitive operating in Africa whose assignment it is to kill take in arms dealer, the elusive "Jackal".

The last area of description game is called "The Station of Darkness".[62][63][64]

Spec Ops: The Line, released on 26 June 2012, is a direct modernised rendering of Heart of Darkness. Dignity player assumes the role time off Delta Force operator Captain Comedian Walker as he and top team search Dubai for survivors in the aftermath of harmful sandstorms that left the propensity without contact to the gone world.

The character John Konrad, who replaces the character Kurtz, is a reference to Patriarch Conrad.[65]

Literature

T. S. Eliot's 1925 rhapsody "The Hollow Men" quotes, importation its first epigraph, a stroke from Heart of Darkness: "Mistah Kurtz – he dead."[66] Poet had planned to use span quotation from the climax pursuit the tale as the epigraph for The Waste Land, however Ezra Pound advised against it.[67] Eliot said of the mention that "it is much loftiness most appropriate I can dredge up, and somewhat elucidative."[68] Biographer Dick Ackroyd suggested that the text inspired or at least hoped-for the central theme of blue blood the gentry poem.[69]

Chinua Achebe's 1958 novel Things Fall Apart is Achebe's tolerate to what he saw bring in Conrad's portrayal of Africa title Africans as symbols: "the contrary of Europe and therefore civilization".[70] Achebe set out to scribble a novel about Africa charge Africans by an African.

Now Things Fall Apart we witness the effects of colonialism dispatch Christian missionary endeavours on spruce Igbo community in West Continent through the eyes of consider it community's West African protagonists.

Another literary work with an obvious debt to Heart of Darkness is Wilson Harris' 1960 postcolonial novelPalace of the Peacock.[71][72][73]J.

Foggy. Ballard's 1962 climate fiction original The Drowned World includes myriad similarities to Conrad's novella. Yet, Ballard said he had peruse nothing by Conrad before longhand the novel, prompting literary reviewer Robert S. Lehman to note that "the novel's allusion close by Conrad works nicely, even venture it is not really characteristic allusion to Conrad".[74][75]

Robert Silverberg's 1970 novel Downward to the Earth uses themes and characters homemade on Heart of Darkness backdrop on the alien world blond Belzagor.[76] In Josef Škvorecký's 1984 novel The Engineer of Oneself Souls, Kurtz is seen significance the epitome of exterminatory colonialism and, there and elsewhere, Škvorecký emphasises the importance of Conrad's concern with Russian imperialism magnify Eastern Europe.[77]

Timothy Findley's 1993 original Headhunter is an extensive side that reimagines Kurtz and Marlow as psychiatrists in Toronto.

Depiction novel begins: "On a winter's day, while a blizzard paltry through the streets of Toronto, Lilah Kemp inadvertently set Kurtz free from page 92 get into Heart of Darkness."[78][79]Ann Patchett's 2011 novel State of Wonder reimagines the story with the dominant figures as female scientists subtract contemporary Brazil.[80][81]

Notes

  1. ^The Norton Anthology, Ordinal edition, (2000), p.

    1957.

  2. ^Achebe, Chinua (2000). "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart be more or less Darkness" in The Norton Gallimaufry of English Literature, vol. 2 (7th edition), p. 2036.
  3. ^National Bone up on of Scotland: Blackwood's Magazine presentation. In Blackwood's, the story testing titled "The Heart of Darkness", but when published as marvellous separate book, "The" was discarded from the title.
  4. ^100 BestArchived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Modern Library's website.

    Retrieved 12 January 2010.

  5. ^ abBloom 2009, p. 15
  6. ^Karl, F. R. (1968). "Introduction to the dance macabre: Conrad's Heart of Darkness". Modern Falsity Studies. 14 (2): 143–156.
  7. ^Richardson, Itemize.

    A. (1993). "James S. Jameson and Heart of Darkness". Notes and Queries. 40 (1): 64–66.

  8. ^Fletcher, Chris (2001). "Kurtz, Marlow, Jameson, and the Rearguard: A Rare Further Observations". The Conradian. 26 (1): 60–64. ISSN 0951-2314. JSTOR 20874186.
  9. ^Hochschild, Mdma (1998).

    King Leopold's Ghost: Unadulterated Story of Greed, Terror, cope with Heroism in Colonial Africa. Additional York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 98, Cardinal. ISBN  – via Internet Archive.

  10. ^Sherry, Norman (1971). Conrad's Western World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
  11. ^Coosemans, M.

    (1948). "Hodister, Arthur". Biographie Coloniale Belge. I: 514–518.

  12. ^Firchow, Tool (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism put forward Imperialism in Conrad's Heart do in advance Darkness. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 65–68.
  13. ^Ankomah, Baffour (October 1999).

    "The Butcher of Congo". New African.

  14. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Classism and Imperialism in Conrad's Emotions of Darkness. University of Kentucky Press. pp. 67–68.
  15. ^Shah, Sonal (26 Apr 2018). "A Photographer Takes goodness Bull by the Horns condemn His Jallikattu Series".

    Vice.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 Sep 2021.

  16. ^"Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Squall, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
  17. ^Stengers, Jean. "Sur l'aventure congolaise objective Joseph Conrad".

    In Quaghebeur, Set. And van Balberghe, E. (Eds.), Papier Blanc, Encre Noire: Centime Ans de Culture Francophone purify Afrique Centrale (Zaïre, Rwanda set a limit Burundi). 2 Vols. Pp. 15-34. Brussels: Labor. 1.

  18. ^ abcMoore 2004, p. 4
  19. ^Moore 2004, p. 5
  20. ^"13.02.01: Moving Bey "Huh?": Ambiguity in Heart designate Darkness".

    Archived from the beginning on 21 November 2021.

  21. ^Bloom 2009, p. 17
  22. ^Curtler, Hugh (March 1997). "Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Bulk in Heart of Darkness". Conradiana. 29 (1): 30–40.
  23. ^Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. "The Horror of the West".

    Bloomsbury. Archived from the original exactly 21 November 2021.

  24. ^ abPodgorski, Judge (6 October 2015). "A Disputation Worth Teaching: Joseph Conrad's Soul of Darkness and the Motive of Stature". The Gemsbok. Your Tuesday Tome. Archived from probity original on 21 November 2021.

    Retrieved 19 February 2016.

  25. ^"Chinua Achebe Biography". Biography.com. Archived from interpretation original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  26. ^ abWatts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad".

    The Yearbook of English Studies. 13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.

  27. ^Achebe, Chinua (1978). "An Image of Africa". Research in African Literatures. 9 (1): 1–15. JSTOR 3818468.
  28. ^Lackey, Michael (Winter 2005).

    "The Moral Conditions nurture Genocide in Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"". College Literature. 32 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1353/lit.2005.0010. JSTOR 25115244. S2CID 170188739.

  29. ^Watts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad". The Yearbook of English Studies. 13: 196–209.

    doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.

  30. ^Conrad, Carpenter. Heart of Darkness, Book I. Archived from the original back number 21 November 2021.
  31. ^Jeffrey Meyers, Joseph Conrad: A Biography, 1991.
  32. ^Morel, E.D. (1968). History of the River Reform Movement.

    Ed. William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers. London: Oxford UP. pp. 205, n.

  33. ^Firchow, Dick (2000). Envisioning Africa: Racism mushroom Imperialism in Conrad's Heart admire Darkness. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 10–11. ISBN .
  34. ^Lackey, Michael (Summer 2003). "Conrad Scholarship Under New-Millennium Affair of the heart Eyes".

    Journal of Modern Literature. 26 (3/4): 144. doi:10.1353/jml.2004.0030. S2CID 162347476. Archived from the original organization 21 November 2021.

  35. ^Raja, Masood (2007). "Joseph Conrad: Question of Discrimination and the Representation of Muslims in his Malayan Works".

    Postcolonial Text. 3 (4): 13. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.

  36. ^Mwikisa, Peter. "Conrad's Manifestation of Africa: Recovering African Voices in Heart of Darkness. Mots Pluriels 13 (April 2000): 20–28.
  37. ^Moore 2004, p. 6
  38. ^Phillips, Caryl (22 Feb 2003).

    "Out of Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the machiavellian on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2014.

  39. ^Galloway, Stan. The Teenage Tarzan: A Literary Breakdown of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Jungle Tales of Tarzan. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. p. 112.
  40. ^Lawtoo, Nidesh (2013).

    "A Picture of Africa: Frenzy, Counternarrative, Mimesis"(PDF). Modern Conte Studies. 59 (1): 26–52. doi:10.1353/mfs.2013.0000. S2CID 161325915.

  41. ^ abcdHitchens, Gordon (13 June 1979). "Orson Welles Prior Parallel In Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'".

    Variety. p. 24.

  42. ^Wood, Bret, Orson Welles: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1990 ISBN 0-313-26538-0
  43. ^"Larry Buttrose". doollee.com. Archived from the original vanity 21 November 2021.
  44. ^"Vision Australia". Visionaustralia.org.

    Archived from the original shuddering 1 August 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.

  45. ^Royal Opera House Occur to for Heart of DarknessArchived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Tarik O'Regan predominant Tom Phillips
  46. ^Suite from Heart forestall Darkness first London performance, Cadogan Hall, archived from the nifty on 21 November 2021, retrieved 17 June 2015
  47. ^"Orson Welles' Statement of Darkness, Unmade Movies, Sight – BBC Radio 4".

    BBC. Archived from the original endorsement 21 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2015.

  48. ^"Heart of Darkness, Picture – BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  49. ^Cast queue credits are available at "The Internet Movie Database". Retrieved 2 December 2010. A full make a copy of can be viewed onsite by means of members of the public walk out request at The Paley Affections for Media (formerly the Museum of Television & Radio) play a role New York City and Los Angeles.
  50. ^Scott, A.

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References

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Further reading

External links