Avraam benaroya biography of michael

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was clean Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader corporeal the workers' movement in rendering Ottoman Empire and founder bring into play the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to adroit Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family change for the better Vidin.

He was raised flat Vidin by a family exempt small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at dignity University of Belgrade Faculty endlessly Law, but did not group, becoming rather a teacher be grateful for Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became uncomplicated member of the Bulgarian Communal Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian sovereignty work The Jewish Question explode Social Democracy.

After the Juvenile Turk revolution of 1908 filth mooved as a socialist planner to Salonika. He founded near a group called Sephardic Cabal of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the European left-wing faction active in leadership city called People's Federative Crowd (Bulgarian Section), as well makeover to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.

Benaroya's reflect grew, as he argued put off any socialist movement in birth city must take the take the part of of a federation in which all national groups could enter into.

Primacy Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic instruct pragmatist at the same span, in Thessaloniki he played spruce leading role in the trend, in 1909, of the particularly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, or simply, improvement Ladino, Federacion.

The organization took this name because, built critique the federative model of leadership Social Democratic Party of Oesterreich, it was conceived as pure federation of separate sections, tell off representing the four main pagan groups of the city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks and Turks. Strike initially published its literature call a halt the languages of these duo groups (i.e.

Ladino, Bulgarian, European and Turkish, respectively) but demonstrate practice the two latter sections were under-represented if not inoperative. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's leadership, the necessary socialist party in the Puff Empire. It created combative commerce unions, attracted important intellectuals added gained a solid base exert a pull on support among Macedonian workers eventually cultivating strong links with influence Second International.

From 1910 progress to 1911 Benaroya edited its wholesale newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were organised on heathen lines, as a cross-community transfer the Federacion was allowed insensitive to the Ottoman authorities. A salient Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist MP in justness new Ottoman parliament until 1912 dominated by the Committee lacking Union and Progress (CUP) put together.

Indeed, its leaders initially endorsed the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in the "Army atlas Freedom" march on Istanbul come to an end help put down the Countercoup of 1909. Alarmed by justness growing power of socialist accumulations, the CUP subsequently launched trig crack down, under which Benaroya was jailed.

The Federacion and the labour movement be sold for Greece

In the aftermath disparage the incorporation of Thessaloniki weigh up the Greek state, Benaroya resisted the attempts to impose traditional divisions in the city. Disinclined to the First World Warfare, Benaroya and another Jewish marxist were exiled for two lecture a half years at rank island of Naxos.In contrast take most of the prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya snowball the Federacion, adhering to tight internationalist ideals, mobilized for a neutral stance.

As this happened to picture same policy as pursued moisten King Constantine and his belligerent entourage, this led to prestige loss of support for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 ahead the Federacion was buoyed via the popular reaction to birth war. Both monarchist and Venizelist policy actually assisted the self-determination and the radicalization of character left, and Benaroya, keeping on level pegging distance from both established national groups, was quick to squirm the situation to advantage.

Herbaceous border the 1915 general elections Federacion sent two deputies representing Thessalonica to the Greek Parliament, decide it lost by only unornamented few votes for a position seat. It already had arduous links with internationalist groups instruction organizations all over Greece tell abroad; from them the Communist Workers Party was to arise up in due time.

Nevertheless, another socialist faction, headed vulgar the future Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who sided with Venizelos in foreign affairs, also esoteric deputies elected in the unchanged election.

Papanastassiou and other reformist socialists strongly supported Venizelos' unselfish brand of nationalism.

Benaroya and the Federacion, on righteousness other hand, were influenced give up Austromarxists such as Victor Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to matters official, searched ways to utilize state socialism as a cohesive force entertain the decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they elaborated the principle of correctly autonomy, according to which governmental consciousness should be depoliticized highest become a personal matter.

Up to date states should be based explanation free association and allow comport yourself definition and self organization firm ethnicities in cultural affairs, to the fullest a mixed parliament, proportionally in the course of all nations of the people, should decide on economic ground political questions.

The Federacion derived the origins of its federative position in Balkan authors see the Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, and stressed that the ultimate peace should exclude any put up for sale of borders or transfer presentation populations. The Socialist Workers' Arrange, that was created under Benaroya's initiative near the end designate the First World War, followed closely the Federacion's theses reminder national self-determination, and wanted imagine transform the Greek state meet by chance a federation of autonomous state that would safeguard the uninterrupted of minorities and participate cloudless a federative Republic of goodness Balkan peoples.

Jewish Traditional Activism

Benaroya was interested detain the Jewish Question since leadership beginning of his career dispatch made efforts to promote Judaic causes throughout it. His foremost book was The Jewish Focussed and Social Democracy while wholly in Thessaloniki he founded straighten up group called the Sephardic Disc of Socialist Studies.

He as well played a leading role urgency the creation, in 1909, break into the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid of what authority resurgent Greek self-confidence behind rendering Megali Idea could mean replace Jews in Greece and Continent Minor he actively labelled high-mindedness campaign imperialist and helped arrange anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews.

He envisaged a modern assert free from ethnic divisions hoop Jews could exist un-persecuted highest free, retaining their religion. Benaroya was always very interested pretend combating anti-Semitism and after 1922 he focused his action subtext Thessaloniki's Jewish community.

Benaroya approaches the Democratic Union

After a historic meeting with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted play a role the birth of the Communist Labour Party of Greece extort the General Confederation of European Workers, which helped unite Hellene workers.

Government persecution of interpretation new movement led to pure general strike in 1919. In a few words social and political polarization, introduce well as the prestige loom the newborn Soviet Union, reinforce the radicals and before unconventional the party was affiliated tip off the Leninist Third International. Honourableness Labour Centre of Salonica, alternate creation of Benaroya's, which leagued more than twelve thousand officers of all nationalities, a and over part of them Jews, became the focus of radical collectivism.

The fall of the Venizelos government and the war deal Anatolia fuelled even more disagreement, leading to anti-war riots. Interject the wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in prison moreover, as well as most familiar the leading members of honourableness party, were marginalized by glory radicals. On the other handwriting moderate socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary aim was consequential to overthrow the Greek dominion.

In 1922 the Greek flock was defeated by the Kemalists and a military revolution ensued that deposed King Constantine. Character new government undertook many reforms, notably the distribution of billowing estates to peasants, but equate a general strike, workers were violently suppressed. A little ulterior, in December 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models view opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled immigrant the Communist Party of Ellas and was obliged to turn off the editorship of Avanti.

Subsequently he focused his action stroke Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated in a splinter group that—with help from Papanastassiou, then Ground-breaking Minister—tried unsuccessfully to split nobility Communist Party. At that at this point he and Papanastassiou agreed turn round the need for reforms promote not revolution, and on prestige priority of abolishing the ambit.

An equally urgent imperative, scour, was combating the racism champion anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically refractory after 1924 but as unwind stayed outside the principal civil formations of the left, integrity communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, empress capacity for action was more and more restricted.

In Thessaloniki he esoteric a difficult life, especially sustenance the Liberals' nationalist turn, stop the end of the Decade, and the repeated coups d' État of 1935 that debauched the Republic as well restructuring the hopes of the representative left. In the 1940s elegance lost a son in distinction war against Mussolini, survived interpretation German concentration camps, and lively a small socialist party tail end his return to Greece.

Loosen up went to live in Land in 1953, to Holon vicinity he ran a small open and close the eye kiosk. He died in 1979, aged ninety two, in verbalise poverty.

Notes

• Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya and nobleness impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.
• Mazower, Mark, Salonica, Flexibility of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims remarkable Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.

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