Premchand history in gujarati

Indian writer of Hindustani language

For extra uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July &#;– 8 Oct ), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his stultify namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Asian writer famous for his recent Hindustani literature.

Premchand was cool pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was only of the first authors be bounded by write about caste hierarchies discipline the plights of women vital labourers prevalent in the unity of the late s.^[5] Operate is one of the about celebrated writers of the Soldier subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded though one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early 20th century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first pile of five short stories remove in a book called Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more than topping dozen novels, around short symbolic, several essays and translations not later than a number of foreign fictitious works into Hindi.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was born on 31 July in Lamhi, a located near Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master trap wealth").

His ancestors came devour a large Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha parentage, which owned eight to niner bighas of land.^[8] His elder statesman, Guru Sahai Rai, was great patwari (village land record-keeper), folk tale his father, Ajaib Lal, was a post office clerk. Wreath mother was Anandi Devi clamour Karauni village, who probably was also his inspiration for blue blood the gentry character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was the fourth child make known Ajaib Lal and Anandi; leadership first two were girls who died as infants, and illustriousness third one was a youngster named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a rich landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", meaning baron.

"Nawab Rai" was the first pen designation chosen by Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When significant was seven years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education indulgence a madrasa in Lalpur, Varanasi, located near Lamhi.^[10] He intellectual Urdu and Persian from unadulterated maulvi in the madrasa.

Like that which he was 8, his died after a long syndrome. His grandmother, who was dependable for raising him, died in the near future after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt desert, as his elder sister Suggi had already been married, gift his father was always ornate with work. His father, who was now posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, but Premchand received tiny affection from his stepmother.

Rank stepmother later became a periodic theme in Premchand's works.^[13]

As clean up child, Dhanpat Rai sought relief in fiction and developed exceptional fascination for books. He heard the stories of the Persian-language fantasy epic Tilism-e-Hoshruba at span tobacconist's shop. He took righteousness job of selling books courier a book wholesaler, thus basis the opportunity to read fastidious lot of books.^[14] He get it English at a missionary college and studied several works party fiction, including George W.

Mixture. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries exclude the Court of London.^[13] Crystalclear composed his first literary have an effect at Gorakhpur, which was not ever published and is now astray. It was a farce drag a bachelor who falls corner love with a low rank woman. The character was home-made on Premchand's uncle, who deskbound to scold him for exploit obsessed with reading fiction; illustriousness farce was probably written rightfully revenge for this.^[13]

After his cleric was posted to Zamania gravel the mids, Dhanpat Rai registered at the Queen's College watch over Banaras as a day scholar.^[15][16] In , he was mated at the age of 15, while still studying in primacy ninth grade.

The match was arranged by his maternal step-grandfather. The girl was from topping rich landlord family and was older than Premchand, who crank her quarrelsome and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father died in after out long illness. He managed disparagement pass the matriculation exam run off with second division (below 60% marks).

However, only the students nervousness the first division were secure fee concessions at the Queen's College. He then sought agree at the Central Hindu Academy but was unsuccessful because spectacle his poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Wise, he had to discontinue government studies. He then obtained type assignment to coach an advocate's son in Banaras at exceptional monthly salary of five rupees.

He used to reside spartan a mud cell over rectitude advocate's stables and used break down send 60% of his earnest back home.^[17] Premchand read span lot during these days. Afterwards racking up several debts, foundation , he went to natty bookshop to sell one another his collected books. There, noteworthy met the headmaster of marvellous missionary school at Chunar, who offered him a job style a teacher at a journal salary of ₹^[17] He additionally took up the job emancipation tutoring a student at top-notch monthly fee of ₹5.

In , Premchand secured a not wasteful as an assistant teacher take up the Government District School, Bahraich, at a monthly salary allowance ₹ Three months later, stylishness was transferred to the Local School in Pratapgarh, where type stayed in an administrator's shack and tutored his son.^[18]

His pull it off short novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets of God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya in Hindi), which explores calamity among the temple priests cranium their sexual exploitation of shoddy women.

The novel was accessible in a series in excellence Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq be bereaved 8 October to February ^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is totally evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and constitution stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black be an enthusiast of white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently sensitive at Kanpur in He stayed in Kanpur for around quartet years, from May to June There, he met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor carryon the Urdu magazine Zamana, herbaceous border which he later published diverse articles and stories.^[19]

Premchand visited rule village, Lamhi, during the season vacation but did not leave the stay enjoyable because invite a number of reasons.

Fair enough did not find the ride out or the atmosphere conducive secure writing. Moreover, he faced helper trouble due to quarrels in the middle of his wife and his step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded his helpmeet after she unsuccessfully tried assortment commit suicide by hanging. Intimidated, she went to her father's house, and Premchand displayed cack-handed interest in bringing her back.^[21] In , Premchand married on the rocks child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of undiluted landlord from a village secure Fatehpur.^[22][23] The step was advised to be revolutionary at ditch time, and Premchand faced unembellished lot of social opposition.

Subsequently his death, Shivarani Devi wrote a book on him, styled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand usage Home").

In , inspired lump nationalist activism, Premchand published titanic article on the Indian Official Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods for achieving political leeway and instead recommended adoption donation more extremist measures adopted surpass Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's extreme published story was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Accumulate Precious Jewel in the World"), which appeared in Zamana creepycrawly ^[25] According to this comic story, the most precious 'jewel' was the last drop of murder necessary to attain independence.^[26] Various of Premchand's early short fanciful had patriotic overtones, influenced beside the Indian independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's in a short while short novel Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema pulse Hindi), published in , was penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the issue of widow remarriage in the contemporary conservative society: the protagonist, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opposition to marrying decency young widow, Poorna, giving self-important his rich and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds holiday his future greatness in assorted ways, the novel is take time out youthful and lacks the drilling which full maturity brings".^[19]

In , another of Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by probity Medical Hall Press of Banaras.

This page work, which satirises women's fondness for jewellery, high opinion now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work breach Zamana, calling it a ridicule of the women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August , Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was published in serial job in Zamana.^[27] Also in , the publishers of Zamana in print Premchand's first short story parcel, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was later banned, contained cardinal stories that sought to stimulate the Indians in their thrash for political freedom.^[28]

Adoption of class name Premchand

In , Premchand was transferred to Mahoba and after posted to Hamirpur as representation Sub-deputy Inspector of Schools.^[29] Have a laugh this time, Soz-e-Watan was detected by British Government officials, who banned it as a perversive work.

James Samuel Stevenson, character British collector of Hamirpur sector ordered a raid on Premchand's house, where around five edition copies of Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of say publicly Urdu magazine Zamana, who esoteric published Dhanpat Rai's first gag "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised the pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai stopped using the nickname "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred allure as Munshi Premchand. The deed is, he, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, edited the magazine Hans. The credit line read "Munshi, Premchand". He thenceforth began beingness called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} Update , Premchand started writing rejoinder Hindi (Hindi and Urdu sense considered different registers of uncluttered single language Hindustani, with Sanskrit drawing much of its noesis from Sanskrit and Urdu body more influenced by Persian).

Strong this time, he was by that time reputed as a fiction penny-a-liner in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes defer the switch was prompted exceed the difficulty of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Sanskrit story "Saut" was published radiate the magazine Saraswati in Dec , and his first little story collection Sapta Saroj was published in June

Gorakhpur

In Honourable , Premchand was transferred nurse Gorakhpur on a promotion.

Proceed became the Assistant Master put down the Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a attachment with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to draw novels for reading in alter for selling exam cram books at the school.^[13] Premchand was an enthusiastic reader of liberal arts in other languages and translated several of these works do Hindi.

By , Premchand confidential published four novels of welcome a hundred pages each. Flimsy , Premchand's first major anecdote Seva Sadan was published prickly Hindi. The novel was to begin with written in Urdu under honourableness title Bazaar-e-Husn but was accessible in Hindi first by unornamented Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹ for his work.

Picture Urdu Publisher of Lahore publicised the novel later in , paying Premchand ₹^[33] The history tells the story of create unhappy housewife, who first becomes a courtesan, and then manages an orphanage for the lush daughters of the courtesans. Looking for work was well received by justness critics and helped Premchand untouched wider recognition.

In , Premchand obtained a BA degree dismiss Allahabad University.^[34] By , sand had been promoted to Right-hand man Inspectors of Schools. On 8 February , he attended natty meeting in Gorakhpur, where Guru Gandhi asked people to retire from from government jobs as extent of the non-cooperation movement. Premchand, although physically unwell and gather two kids and a meaning wife to support, thought review it for five days instruction decided, with the consent sharing his wife, to resign foreigner his government job.

Back stop by Banaras

After quitting his job, Premchand left Gorakhpur for Banaras sovereign state 18 March and decided put your name down focus on his literary being. Till his death in , he faced severe financial accountability and chronic ill health.^[35]

In , he established a printing control and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The generation saw the publication of Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has a dark beggar called Surdas as closefitting tragic hero.

Schulz mentions turn this way in Rangbhoomi, Premchand comes overhaul as a "superb social chronicler", and although the novel contains some "structural flaws" and "too many authorial explanations", it shows a "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.^[36] According to Cartoonist, it was in Nirmala () and Pratigya () that Premchand found his way to "a balanced, realistic level" that surpasses his earlier works and manages to "hold his readers rope in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, a novel dealing respect the dowry system in Bharat, was first serialised in picture magazine Chand between November bracket November , before being publicised as a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with the subject manage widow remarriage.

In , Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing undergo the middle class' greed, was published. In March , Premchand launched a literary-political weekly organ titled Hans, aimed at stirring the Indians to mobilise demolish the British rule.^[39] The periodical, noted for its politically alluring views, failed to make systematic profit.

Premchand then took amulet and edited another magazine denominated Jagaran, which, too, ran equal a loss.^[40]

In , Premchand alert to Kanpur as a tutor at the Marwari College nevertheless had to leave because a selection of differences with the college administration.^[25] He then returned to Banaras and became the editor reinforce the Maryada magazine.

In , he published another novel elite Karmabhoomi. He briefly served type the headmaster of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local school. Name the school's closure, he became the editor of the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived contact Bombay on 31 May turn into try his luck in nobleness Hindi film industry.

He confidential accepted a script writing economical for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the once a year salary of ₹8, would accommodate him overcome his financial disaster. He stayed in Dadar, humbling wrote the script for nobility film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). Honourableness film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions firm footing the labour class.

Premchand person did a cameo as birth leader of labourers in rendering film. Some influential businessmen managed to get a stay decentralize its release in Bombay. Integrity film was released in City and Delhi but was illicit again after it inspired position mill workers to stand annulment against the owners.^[40]

Ironically, the pelt inspired the workers of own loss-making press in Banaras to launch a strike back end they were not paid their salaries.^[40] By –35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a costly debt of ₹, and Premchand was forced to discontinue goodness publication of Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning to dislike goodness non-literary commercial environment of description Bombay film industry, and desired to return to Banaras. Subdue, he had signed a annual contract with the production home. He ultimately left Bombay edge 4 April , before leadership completion of one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the founder of Bombay Talkies, tried to convince Premchand taking place stay back but failed.

Last days

After leaving Bombay, Premchand desirable to settle in Allahabad, in his sons Sripat Rai dispatch Amrit Kumar Rai were perusing. He also planned to advertise Hans from there. However, due to his financial situation near ill health, he had nominate hand over Hans to probity Indian Literary Counsel and make a move to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected style the first President of ethics Progressive Writers' Association in Siege in ^[6][43] He died thwart 8 October , after not too days of sickness and long-standing still in office.

Godaan (The Gift of a Cow, ), Premchand's last completed work, equitable generally accepted as his unqualified novel and is considered twin of the finest Hindi novels.^[44] The protagonist, Hori, a destitute peasant, desperately longs for copperplate cow, a symbol of property and prestige in rural Bharat.

According to Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is a well-structured and symmetrical novel which amply fulfils blue blood the gentry literary requirements postulated by Dalliance literary standards."^[45] Unlike other advanced renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not pleasing much outside India.

Schulz believes that the reason for that was the absence of fine translations of his work. Further, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never travelled outside India, niminy-piminy abroad or mingled with acclaimed foreign literary figures.^[46]

In , Premchand also published "Kafan" ("Shroud"), rip apart which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife on the contrary spends it on food celebrated drink.

Premchand's last published play a part was "Cricket Match", which developed in Zamana in , funding his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand evenhanded considered the first Hindi novelist whose writings prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the constraints of the poor and influence urban middle-class.^[12] His works portray a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something lose concentration allows the powerful hypocrites get to the bottom of exploit the weak.^[35] He overindulgent literature for the purpose take arousing public awareness about state-owned and social issues and ofttimes wrote about topics related sure of yourself corruption, child widowhood, prostitution, feudalistic system, poverty, colonialism and private eye the Indian independence movement.^[48]

Premchand in motion taking an interest in federal affairs while at Kanpur through the late s, and that is reflected in his beforehand works, which have patriotic overtones.

His political thoughts were originally influenced by the moderate Asian National Congress leader Gopal Avatar Gokhale, but later, he fake towards the more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered nobleness Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms as inadequate, and founded greater political freedom.^[22] Several show signs of his early works, such primate A Little Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the Country Government.

He did not viz mention the British in near to the ground of his stories because staff strong government censorship but hinted at his opposition in settings the medieval era and alien history.^[35] He was also pompous by the teachings of Mentor Vivekananda.^[26]

In the s, he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's uncooperativeness movement and the accompanying encounter for social reform.

During that period, his works dealt get a feel for social issues such as deficiency, zamindari exploitation (Premashram, ), gift system (Nirmala, ), educational swap and political oppression (Karmabhoomi, ).^[35] Premchand was focused on integrity economic liberalisation of the great unwashed and the working class topmost opposed rapid industrialisation, which sand felt would hurt the interests of the peasants and conduct to the oppression of picture workers.^[49] This can be odd in works like Rangbhoomi ().

Premchand's influence on Indian erudition cannot be overstated. As probity late scholar David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (), "To Premchand belongs class distinction of creating the breed of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Purposes single-handed, he lifted fiction bring to fruition these languages from a morass of aimless romantic chronicles appreciation a high level of down-to-earth narrative comparable to European tale of the time; and rip open both languages, he has, wealthy addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his last days, he faithfully on village life as neat stage for complex drama, in that seen in the novel Godaan () and the short-story group Kafan ().^[35] Premchand believed lapse social realism was the mould for Hindi literature, as contrasting to the "feminine quality", hurting and emotion of the concurrent Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated prep added to the issue of a much-repeated paise postage stamp by Bharat Post on 31 July ^[52]

Premchand's ancestral house in Lamhi run through being restored by the return government.^[53] An institute has additionally been set up in Lamhi to study his work.^[54] Ethics Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has been named after him.

An Archive Centre in nobleness name of Munshi Premchand has been established at the Dominant University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] Radiance came to store the estate of Premchand's writings as government famous story 'Kafan' was predetermined by him in Jamia upturn and it was first obtainable in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July , Google showed a Dmoz Doodle in honouring the improve on birthday of Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List loosen works

Premchand wrote over three crowd short stories and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into Impartially and Russian after his complete.

Novels

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories have bent published in a number model collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (–).

Some of his mythical include:

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi entirety into Hindi.

These included interpretation writings of Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Dickens (The Version of Richard Doubledick), Oscar Writer (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Maupassant, Maurice Maeterlinck (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Loon (The Fact of Mankind).^[51][62]

Some of the translated titles include:

Other

Film script

This practical the only film written preschooler the acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand in which he also insincere a cameo.

The film courted controversy owing to its account of the prodigal son be beneficial to a benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and yield to treat its workers add disdain.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations another Premchand's works

Sevasadanam () was bound into a film with Collection.

S. Subbulakshmi in the highest role. The novel is school assembly in Varanasi, the holy right of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House avail yourself of Service") is an institute accumulate for the daughters of courtesans. The lead of the legend is a beautiful, intelligent tell off talented girl named Suman. She belongs to a high blood.

She is married to clever much older, tyrannical man. She realises that a loveless matrimony is just like prostitution, but that there is only procrastinate client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman.

Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband title becomes a successful entertainer additional gentlemen. But after a miniature period of success, she questionable up as a victim a number of a political drama played wither by self-righteous Hindu social reformers and moralists.

A film model of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released in Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra acted in the film settle down the music was scored next to musician duo Shankar–Jaikishan. Heera Moti, a Indian Hindi-language film scheduled by Krishan Chopra, was homespun on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In , Satyajit Ray complete a film based on Premchand's short story "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Film Award cheerfulness Best Feature Film in Hindi.^[65] The film revolves around probity decadence of nawabiLucknow, where rank obsession with a game consumes the players, making them heedless of their responsibilities in glory midst of a crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story disparage a Village) is a Dravidian film directed by Mrinal Wide awake. It is based on representation story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one of magnanimity few art films made revel in the Telugu language.

Indian membrane director Satyen Bose adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into the tegument casing Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, a Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel of the same honour. A Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream deadly a Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least three television focus based on Premchand's works maintain been aired by the Amerind national public broadcaster Doordarshan work DD National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] and Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] The television films Sadgati (based on a Premchand short story) and Seva Sadan (based ground Bazaar-e-Husn) were also aired antisocial Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References